Foucault uses his historical method to uncover two different penal styles, the earlier one where the monarch has power over citizens' bodies, that later one which governs the mind or 'soul'.

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Foucault's historical method highlights the shift in punishment methods from physical torture and bodily punishment to methods that govern the mind, such as psychological techniques and surveillance. He refers to these as two different penal styles. The first is characterized by the use of torture and public executions, with power being wielded by the monarch over citizens' bodies. The later style, which emerged in the 18th and 19th centuries, is characterized by the use of institutionalized discipline, surveillance, and normalization techniques to control behavior and govern the soul or psyche of the individual.

Foucault Uses His Historical Method to Uncover Two Different Penal