In defining criminology there are arguably three great tributaries that make up the subject:

Question

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A) The study of crime is essential to criminology as it is the foundation upon which the subject is built.
C) The study of those who commit crime is important as understanding why certain individuals engage in criminal behavior is a key component of criminology.
D) The study of the criminal justice and penal systems is vital to criminology as it involves assessing the effectiveness of punishment and rehabilitation methods, which is central to reducing crime. 
B) Although urbanization has played a role in shaping crime patterns, it is not one of the three defining tributaries of criminology.

In Defining Criminology There Are Arguably Three Great Tributaries That