Treaty articles can have both horizontal and direct effect if they fulfil certain criteria.

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

Treaty articles can have horizontal direct effect if they are clear, precise, and unconditional, and create rights and obligations for individuals that can be enforced in national courts. They can also have direct effect in relation to the state if they are unconditional and sufficiently precise, and can be relied on by individuals in national courts.

Treaty Articles Can Have Both Horizontal and Direct Effect If