Question 1

In the 1960s into the 1970s, which political ideology believed that to solve the failures of American criminal justice, rehabilitation and the indeterminate sentence had to be abandoned and replaced by the principles of just deserts and determinacy?

Accepted Answer

Both conservatives and liberals during the 1960s into the 1970s began to question the effectiveness of rehabilitation and the indeterminate sentence, shifting towards a belief in the principles of just deserts (the idea that punishments should be proportional to the crime) and determinacy (fixed sentencing). This shift was part of a broader bipartisan consensus that emerged in response to rising crime rates and perceived failures of the criminal justice system.

Question 2

According to Richard Quinney, __________ became a code word for all that was wrong with American society, a symbol of the disruptive forces that were undermining traditional patterns of authority and precipitating the decay of the social fabric.

Accepted Answer

In Richard Quinney's perspective, crime symbolizes the destructive forces affecting traditional patterns of authority and social fabric.

Question 3

Conservatives argued that at the core of the problem, the criminal justice system has become more concerned with __________ than with __________.

Accepted Answer

Conservatives often argue that the criminal justice system has shifted its focus towards the rights and benefits of the criminal at the expense of protecting innocent citizens and preventing their victimization. This perspective suggests a belief in the need for a system that prioritizes public safety and the interests of victims over rehabilitation or leniency for offenders.

Question 4

In the 1960s, many conservative scholars and politicians argued that too many rights were accorded to criminal defendants over the previous two decades. In addition, they argued that we coddle lawbreakers because we think they should be __________, rather than __________.

Accepted Answer

The correct answer is C) rehabilitated; punished. This reflects the conservative viewpoint of the 1960s that criticized the focus on rehabilitating criminals instead of punishing them, suggesting a shift from a rehabilitative to a more punitive approach to criminal justice.

Question 5

In 1976, it was declared that __________ can no longer be trusted to possess the freedom to send offenders back into society. Therefore, their discretion must be constrained.

Accepted Answer

The phrase "their discretion" suggests that the group being referred to is responsible for making decisions regarding releasing offenders back into society. This responsibility falls under the purview of judges, making option A the best choice. The other options - politicians, conservatives, and police officers - are not typically involved in making these types of decisions.

Question 6

According to conservatives, since free will is exercised in the commission of all but the exceptional crime, __________, not __________, should be held responsible for their actions and thus fully deserve to be legally sanctioned by the state.

Accepted Answer

Conservatives believe in personal responsibility and accountability for one's actions, meaning that the individual who committed the crime should be held responsible and sanctioned by the state, not society as a whole. This applies to all lawbreakers, not just juveniles or adults. Therefore, choice D is the best answer as it reflects this belief.

Question 7

With the turmoil and social disruption occurring in the 1960s and 1970s, liberal reformers developed new goals for the criminal justice system. Which of the following became a goal of liberal reform?

Accepted Answer

The answer of With the turmoil and social disruption occurring...

Question 8

The emergence of __________ marked the beginning of a period in which the legitimacy of state authority was subjected to continued and widespread debate among liberal forces.

Accepted Answer

The civil rights movement, which gained momentum in the 1960s, challenged the legitimacy of state authority in terms of race relations and civil liberties. This period of debate and activism marked a major turning point in modern American history. The other options are not directly related to the questioning of state authority.

Question 9

At first, liberals did not campaign for the complete abolishment of rehabilitation; instead, they argued that the source of the inhumanities in our prisons can be traced to all of the following except:

Accepted Answer

The other three choices all suggest that rehabilitation has potential benefits if properly executed, indicating that the issue lies with the implementation of rehabilitative ideals. The statement that rehabilitation was built on a determinate sentencing scheme is incorrect - rehabilitation was typically emphasized as an alternative to determinate sentencing, which emphasizes punishment rather than reform.

Question 10

In 1974, ___________ reported the results of an extensive research project that investigated the effectiveness of correctional treatment and concluded that "nothing works" to rehabilitate offenders.

Accepted Answer

Robert Martinson reported the results of an extensive research project in 1974 that investigated the effectiveness of correctional treatment and concluded that "nothing works" to rehabilitate offenders.

Question 11

According to liberal critics, all were fundamental reasons why criminal justice rehabilitation was inherently flawed and therefore could not be expected to cease an offender's criminal involvement, except:

Accepted Answer

Liberal critics found that supervision in the community was not closely monitored enough, leading to a lack of support and opportunity for successful rehabilitation. Options A, C, and D were all cited by liberal critics as flaws in the criminal justice rehabilitation system.

Question 12

What did David Rosenhan's research, entitled "Being Sane in Insane Places," conclude about individuals' talent to discriminate the insane from the sane?

Accepted Answer

David Rosenhan's research concluded that no one can acquire the talent to discriminate the sane from the insane based on his experiment in which sane people were misdiagnosed as mentally ill and weren't recognized as sane even after they stopped showing symptoms. This implies that the distinction between sane and insane is not a clear-cut one and requires more than just observation to be made accurately.

Question 13

Liberals argued that the indeterminate sentence had been fundamentally corrupted and transformed into a tyrannical tool for prison officials. For example, wardens did not earn economic security by reforming offenders, rather their job tenure was intimately dependent on their ability to __________.

Accepted Answer

Liberals believed that the indeterminate sentence, rather than serving as a reformative tool, had become a means for prison officials to exert control, with their job security hinging on their ability to maintain order and peace among the inmate population they oversaw.

Question 14

Liberals asserted that while judges were entrusted with sufficient discretion to develop an individualized treatment program for each offender that passes through the criminal justice system, this discretionary power had eventuated in little treatment and much abuse within the confines of the prison. In fact, ample case evidence is available that convincingly shows that discretionary justice is the equivalent of __________.

Accepted Answer

The sentence states that discretionary justice has resulted in "little treatment and much abuse." This suggests that certain offenders are receiving unfair treatment from judges, which would be considered discriminatory injustice. Therefore, option B is the best choice. The other options (intolerant justice, reformation, and appropriate justice) do not accurately reflect the negative effects of discretionary justice as described in the sentence.

Question 15

Once the guiding philosophy of rehabilitation was forfeited, what new correctional philosophy was embraced by liberals to guide criminal sanctioning?

Accepted Answer

Once the guiding philosophy of rehabilitation was forfeited, liberals embraced the philosophy of just deserts to guide criminal sanctioning. This new philosophy emphasizes individual responsibility and punishment proportionate to the seriousness of the crime committed.

Question 16

Which of the following is not an assumption set forth by the "justice model for corrections?"

Accepted Answer

The justice model for corrections assumes that sentences should be determinate or flat, legislatively fixed and narrow in range, and voluntary rehabilitation programs should not be supported or expanded. However, it does not assume that judges will use their discretion to determine individual treatment plans for each offender.

Question 17

According to liberals, when prison terms are warranted, they should not exceed __________ years.

Accepted Answer

Liberals generally believe in a rehabilitative approach to criminal justice, meaning that prison terms should be focused on helping individuals reform and reintegrate into society rather than solely punishment. Therefore, they typically advocate for shorter prison terms when possible, with a maximum of 5 years. However, this can vary depending on the severity of the crime and other circumstances.

Question 18

__________ typically means that for every day or several days of conformity while incarcerated, an inmate has one day subtracted from his or her sentence.

Accepted Answer

Good time typically means that for every day or several days of conformity while incarcerated, an inmate has one day subtracted from his or her sentence.

Question 19

Under the principle of just deserts, the exclusive purpose of a prison sentence is to ___________.

Accepted Answer

The principle of just deserts holds that individuals should be punished in proportion to the harm they have caused. Under this principle, the goal of a prison sentence is simply to punish the offender by depriving them of their liberty, rather than to achieve some other outcome like rehabilitation or community restoration.

Question 20

All of the following describe the way radicals felt during the 1960s and 1970s except:

Accepted Answer

This statement is the opposite of what radicals believed during the 1960s and 1970s. Radicals believed that due process of law was insufficient in addressing the inequalities of the criminal justice system and the broader social and economic structures that perpetuate injustice. They saw determinate sentencing as a tool used to increase repression and maintain the capitalist status quo.

Quiz 4: Attacking Rehabilitation