All Were Important Factors for the Rise of Prisons Dedicated

All were important factors for the rise of prisons dedicated to the cure of criminal offenders except:

A) Americans found themselves residing in a more open and fluid society marked by geographical and socioeconomic mobility and growth
B) The belief in a determinate sentencing scheme
C) State governments were becoming increasingly powerful and centralized
D) The belief that the root cause of crime was the social disorder that had transpired across the country