According to the general equilibrium PPF/Indifference curve model, a country's gains from international trade can be split into:

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The general equilibrium model, incorporating the Production Possibility Frontier (PPF) and Indifference Curves, highlights two main sources of gains from international trade: the gains from exchange, which arise from trading goods and services at different rates than in the domestic market, and the gains from specialization, which occur when a country focuses on producing goods and services for which it has a comparative advantage, leading to more efficient production and potentially larger output.

According to the General Equilibrium PPF/Indifference Curve Model, a Country's