The two-pronged independent test used to establish probable cause was replaced by the "totality of circumstances" test.

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The two-pronged test from Aguilar v. Texas and Spinelli v. United States, which required demonstrating both the basis of the informant's knowledge and the informant's veracity, was replaced by the "totality of the circumstances" approach in Illinois v. Gates (1983), allowing for a more flexible evaluation of probable cause.

The Two-Pronged Independent Test Used to Establish Probable Cause Was