For , the existence of desire, aversion, effort, pleasure, pain, and knowledge are inferential marks which prove the existence of

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Nyāya philosophy argues that the existence of internal experiences such as desire, aversion, effort, pleasure, pain, and knowledge implies the existence of a self (ātman) that experiences these phenomena. These are considered inferential signs (linga) that indicate the presence of a conscious self that perceives, acts, and experiences.

For , the Existence of Desire, Aversion, Effort, Pleasure, Pain