The 1833 Supreme Court case that explicitly confirmed the Bill of Rights only applied to the national government is

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Barron v. Baltimore (1833) established that the Bill of Rights restricted only the powers of the federal government and not those of state governments. This decision was based on the case of a man who sued the city of Baltimore for damages to his wharf, arguing that the Fifth Amendment's guarantee of just compensation for takings applied to the state. The Supreme Court ruled against him, stating that the Bill of Rights did not apply to state governments.

The 1833 Supreme Court Case That Explicitly Confirmed the Bill