Courts in which groups of judges decide cases based on a review of the record of the lower-court trial are

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Collegial courts are courts where panels of judges decide cases together, often through review of lower court proceedings, rather than a single judge making a decision. This contrasts with courts of original jurisdiction, which typically handle cases first, not on appeal. Civil courts and intramural courts do not specifically refer to the process of judges deciding cases as a group based on lower-court records.

Courts in Which Groups of Judges Decide Cases Based on a Review