Which is the best standard-form representation of the following Argument from Principle?
Placebos are pills or other substances that look like medications, but are designed to have no medical effect. Sugar pills, which look like prescription pills but are actually made of a small amount of sugar, are a classic example of a placebo. Doctors have known for a long time that if they offer patients placebos and tell them the pills are effective medication, placebos often do help. When patients mistakenly believe they are taking medically effective drugs, they often see improvement in their symptoms.
Some doctors believe it is morally permissible to use placebos. These doctors are wrong. Even if placebos are sometimes effective, it is always wrong for doctors to use placebos on patients, because it is always wrong for health care professionals to deceive their patients.
A) 1) Even if placebos are sometimes effective, it is always wrong for doctors to use placebos on patients.
2) It is always wrong for health care professionals to deceive their patients. So, doctors who believe it is morally permissible to use placebos are wrong.
B) 1) It is always wrong for health care professionals to deceive patients.
2) Doctors who prescribe placebos are deceiving patients. So, it is wrong for doctors to prescribe placebos.
C) 1) Placebos are pills or other substances that look like medications are designed to have no medical effect.
2) When patients mistakenly believe they are taking medically effective drugs, they often see improvement in their symptoms.
So, it is always wrong for health care professionals to deceive their patients.
D) 1) It is always wrong for health care professionals to deceive their patients.
2) Some doctors prescribe placebos for patients.
So, it is wrong for doctors to prescribe placebos for patients.
Correct Answer:
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