Which of the following occurs when individuals who are treated for their condition are compared with individuals who have neither the condition nor the treatment?
A) Positive confounding
B) Negative confounding
C) Confounding by indication
D) Confounding by severity

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

Confounding by indication occurs when the reason for receiving a treatment (the indication) is related to the outcome, leading to a bias in observational studies comparing treated individuals with those who neither have the condition nor receive the treatment.

Which of the Following Occurs When Individuals Who Are Treated