When chance, bias, and confounding have been ruled out as alternative explanations for an association, we may conclude that the association is causal.

Name: When chance, bias, and confounding have been ruled out as alternative explanations for an association, we may conclude that the association is causal.
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The Answer of When chance, bias, and confounding have been ruled out as alternative explanations for an association, we may conclude that the association is causal.

When Chance, Bias, and Confounding Have Been Ruled Out as Alternative