In muscle cells, the following reaction proceeds as written, i.e., from left to right, despite having ΔG°' ≈ +30 kJ/mol. How can this occur malate + NAD⁺ → oxaloacetate + NADH + H⁺ A) It is obviously thermodynamically favored under standard conditions. B) In the cell, it is kinetically favored, even though it's thermodynamically unfavored. C) The concentration of malate must be higher than oxaloacetate for this reaction to occur in the cell. D) [H⁺] must be higher in muscle than under standard conditions, thus altering ΔG°' to ΔG°.

Question

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The reaction can proceed in the cell if the concentration of malate is higher than that of oxaloacetate, which shifts the equilibrium to favor the formation of oxaloacetate despite the positive ΔG°'.

In Muscle Cells, the Following Reaction Proceeds as Written, I