Question 1

Considering the foot radiograph shown, it is strongly indicative of which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Considering the shown foot radiograph, it is strongly indicative of the foot deformity called toe bunion. The radiograph clearly shows severe bunion deformity (intermetatarsal angle 16°), with elevated proximal phalangeal articular angle.

Question 2

The shown foot radiograph provides an approximate estimation about the distal metatarsal articular angle. In individuals with normal feet, what is the average value of this angle?

Accepted Answer

In individuals with normal feet, the average value of the distal metatarsal articular angle is less than 10°. On an average in normal feet, it is 7°.

Question 3

Which of the following clinical terms best describes the thickening of the surface layer of the skin, usually in response to pressure or friction?

Accepted Answer

The clinical term that best describes the thickening of the surface layer of the skin, usually in response to pressure or friction, is callus. Calluses usually form on the ball of the foot, the heel, and the underside of the big toe (hallux). They may, however, form over any bony prominence.

Question 4

Foot calluses may be caused due to all of the following conditions except:

Accepted Answer

Foot calluses may be caused due to all of the listed conditions except abnormal growth of fat pad on the underside of the foot. In fact, it is the loss or atrophy of fat pad on the underside of the foot that may result in a foot callus.

Question 5

Complications that can result from corns do not include:

Accepted Answer

Complications that can result from corns do not include rickets. It is, instead, a result of vitamin D deficiency and is an entirely different medical condition that is not specific to feet.

Question 6

Which of the following measures is considered among the best preventive measures against callus formation?

Accepted Answer

A measure that is considered among the best preventive measures against callus formation is avoiding high heeled shoes. Some other measures include wearing shoes with a good arch and shock absorbing rubber sole, using an insole that absorbs shear forces inside the shoe, and keeping skin moist and supple with regular application of a moisturizer.

Question 7

The above drawing represents a common foot deformity. Which of the following clinical terms best defines this foot disorder?

Accepted Answer

The clinical term that best defines the common foot disorder represented by the above drawing is callus. Calluses usually form on the ball of the foot, the heel, and the underside of the big toe (hallux).

Question 8

The hyperkeratoses of the skin of the foot are clinically termed as:

Accepted Answer

The hyperkeratoses of the skin of the foot are clinically termed corns. A corn is simply a thickening of the surface layer of the skin in response to physical stress or pressure.

Question 9

Which of the following parts of the feet are the most common sites for corn formation?

Accepted Answer

The parts of the feet that are the most common sites for corn formation are the toes. Corns usually form on the toes because the bone is prominent on the toe and presses the skin against the shoe, ground, or other bones, which provides ground for the corn formation.

Question 10

All of the following statements are true regarding the foot corns except:

Accepted Answer

All of the listed statements are true regarding foot corns except: "they are more common in men than women." Considering several risk factors for the corn formation, gender is an important one, as they are more common in "women."

Question 11

Regarding various treatment modalities for foot corns, a podiatrist may perform/recommend all of the following except:

Accepted Answer

Regarding various treatment modalities for the foot corns, a podiatrist may perform/recommend all of the listed modalities except wearing of tight shoes to naturally press the corns.In fact, wearing tight-fitting shoes is considered one of the common risk factors for corn formation.

Question 12

Complications that can result from the corns include all of the following except:

Accepted Answer

Complications that can result from the corns include all of the listed conditions except bunions. Toe bunion formation is a different clinical foot condition that involves the bone of the greater toe.

Question 13

A diabetic foot is thought to be associated with all of the following conditions except:

Accepted Answer

A diabetic foot is thought to be associated with all of the listed conditions except foot corns. Foot corns are simply the thickening of the surface layer of the skin in response to physical stress or pressure not related to diabetic foot.

Question 14

Foot complications of diabetes mellitus include all of the following except:

Accepted Answer

Foot complications of diabetes mellitus include all of the listed conditions except rheumatoid arthritis, which is principally a disease of joints and is not directly linked with diabetes mellitus.

Question 15

A flat foot can be defined as an abnormal depression of the:

Accepted Answer

A flat foot can be defined as an abnormal depression of the medial longitudinal arch. Therefore, the affected feet appear collapsed with excessive turning out of the heel and the inside of the foot contacting the ground (pronated foot type).

Question 16

All of the following features are associated with flat foot except;

Accepted Answer

All of the following features are associated with flat foot except it is common in elderly.It often runs in the family and is usually bilateral and apparent at an early age.

Question 17

Which of the following conditions is not considered a complication of flat foot?

Accepted Answer

A condition that is not considered a complication of flat foot is rheumatoid arthritis. However, flat feet may result in early degenerative joint disease (osteoarthritis) of lower extremity joints.

Question 18

A stress fracture most frequently occurs in which of the following bones?

Accepted Answer

A stress fracture most frequently occurs in the metatarsal bones. Defined as a break in a bone caused by repetitive stress, a stress fracture may occur in any bone, but is quite common in metatarsal bones.

Question 19

Which of the statements best defines a Morton's neuroma?

Accepted Answer

The statement that best defines a Morton's neuroma is: "it is a benign tumor of a nerve running between the metatarsals." It is the most common neuroma in the foot and occurs between the third and fourth toe.

Question 20

A condition characterized by hard, thick skin on the bottom of the foot is known as:

Accepted Answer

A condition characterized by hard, thick skin on the bottom of the foot is known as plantar callus. It is usually caused by weight-bearing stresses on the metatarsal heads.

Quiz 2: Orthopedic and Podiatric Conditions and Diseases