Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea is marked by:

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Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea is a symptom of left-sided heart failure. It is characterized by sudden shortness of breath that occurs at night, typically when the person is lying down. The shortness of breath is caused by fluid buildup in the lungs. Hemoptysis and rales are symptoms of pulmonary edema, which is a more severe form of heart failure. Distended neck veins and flushed face are symptoms of right-sided heart failure. Bradycardia and weak pulse are symptoms of cardiogenic shock, which is a life-threatening condition. Cardiomegaly is a sign of heart failure, but it is not a symptom.

Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea Is Marked By