Which physiologic changes are associated with pregnancy? (Select all that apply.)

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Blood volume increases by 1500 mL to meet the need of an enlarged uterus and fetal tissue, causing increased cardiac workload (increased heart rate). Uterine enlargement pushes up on the diaphragm, causing periodic shortness of breath. Increased estrogen increases vascularity and tissue proliferation of gums, resulting in edematous and bleeding gums. The increased size of the uterus and growing fetus results in the center of gravity moving forward, resulting in a waddling gait. Increased nail growth is reported by some individuals. Painless vaginal bleeding indicates a problem with the pregnancy, such as placenta previa.

Which Physiologic Changes Are Associated with Pregnancy? (Select All That