Research aims to draw conclusion about relationships among variables. There are a number of threats to validity-factors that interfere with making reliable and clear conclusions. Which of the following concerns is a threat to internal validity?
A)Instrumentation
B)Demand characteristics
C)Sample characteristics
D)Experimenter expectancies

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

Instrumentation refers to changes in researchers or calibration of equipment used in a study. This is a threat to internal validity; it is a factor other than the independent variable that might affect the dependent variable of a study.

Research Aims to Draw Conclusion About Relationships Among Variables