When scores are measured in a single group,the sample standard deviation is used as an estimate of the population standard deviation in the effect size formula for estimated Cohen's d.

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The sample standard deviation is used to estimate the population standard deviation in the effect size formula for Cohen's d when scores are measured in a single group. This is because the population standard deviation is often unknown or difficult to obtain, and the sample standard deviation provides a reasonable estimate of the variability of scores within the population.

When Scores Are Measured in a Single Group,the Sample Standard