The Federal Clean Air Act Sets Specific Pollution Standards

The federal Clean Air Act sets specific pollution standards. California adopts even stricter pollution standards instate. This standard is likely to be found:

A) unconstitutional; states may not pass regulatory standards different than those of Congress
B) unconstitutional; states may not pass stronger regulatory standards than those of Congress
C) unconstitutional; the standard will reduce the ability of California to compete in interstate commerce
D) constitutional; the necessary and proper clause lets states pass regulations needed for local conditions
E) none of the other choices