Which Is Not a Necessary Element of Negligence

Which is not a necessary element of negligence?

A) a causal connection between the wrongdoer's negligent behavior and the resulting harm to the injured party
B) the wrongdoer owed the injured party a duty of care
C) the wrongdoer's actions were motivated by malice
D) the wrongdoer breached a duty of care to the injured party
E) the injured party suffered actual harm or damage as a result of the wrongdoer's conduct