With one exception,the safest pregnancy is one in which the woman is drug and alcohol free.For women addicted to opioids,________________________ treatment is the current standard of care during pregnancy.

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Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT)is currently considered the standard of care for pregnant women who are dependent on heroin or other narcotics.Buprenorphine is another medication approved for opioid addiction treatment that is increasingly being used during pregnancy.Opioid replacement therapy has been shown to decrease opioid and other drug use,reduce criminal activity,improve individual functioning,and decrease rates of infections such as hepatitis B and C,HIV,and other sexually transmitted infections.Detoxification is the treatment used for alcohol addiction.Pregnant women requiring withdrawal from alcohol should be admitted for inpatient management.Women are more likely to stop smoking during pregnancy than at any other time in their lives.A smoking cessation program can assist in achieving this goal.The 4 Ps Plus is a screening tool designed specifically to identify pregnant women who need in-depth assessment related to substance abuse.

With One Exception,the Safest Pregnancy Is One in Which the Woman