Before the Nation-State Became the Standard Political Model Around 1860-1870

Before the nation-state became the standard political model around 1860-1870, the characteristic European political organizations were:

A) federal states like Switzerland and the United States.
B) either small states comprising fragments of a nation or large empires made up of diverse peoples.
C) nation-states like France and Britain.
D) city-states and religious-based countries such as the Holy Roman Empire and the papal states.