Case-control trials establish only a causal relationship between two variables, and not a cause-and-effect association the way randomized controlled trials do; therefore, they should not be included in one review.

Question

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Case-control trials establish only an association between two variables (e.g., artificial turf and knee injuries). Because these designs address different questions with different methods, they should not be combined into one review.

Case-Control Trials Establish Only a Causal Relationship Between Two Variables