In the second half of the nineteenth century, the Supreme Court declared congressional attempts to introduce an income tax unconstitutional because such a tax violated the constitutional __________.

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The Supreme Court declared income taxes unconstitutional in the late 19th century based on the constitutional prohibition of direct taxes unless apportioned among the states according to their populations. This decision was rooted in the interpretation of Article I, Section 9 of the U.S. Constitution.

In the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century, the Supreme