One way to significantly reduce the variations in A_V caused by changes in equivalent ac resistance is to add a swamping resistor in the emitter circuit.

Question

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Adding a swamping resistor in the emitter circuit of a transistor helps to stabilize the gain by reducing the effects of variations in the transistor's beta (β) due to changes in temperature or other factors. This is because the swamping resistor increases the overall emitter resistance, making the gain less dependent on the transistor's internal characteristics.

One Way to Significantly Reduce the Variations in AV Caused

One Way to Significantly Reduce the Variations in A_V Caused