When using any of the power formulas, the phase angle, ?, is the

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The phase angle, often denoted as ?, in the context of power formulas, refers to the phase angle of the impedance. Impedance, a complex quantity, combines both resistance and reactance in AC circuits, and its phase angle represents the phase difference between the voltage across and the current through the circuit element. Resistance, being purely real, does not have a phase angle, and the individual phase angles of current or voltage alone are not directly relevant to power calculations without considering their relationship, which is encapsulated by the impedance's phase angle.

When Using Any of the Power Formulas, the Phase Angle