The Study by Pogarsky, Kim, and Paternoster (2005) Examined a National

The study by Pogarsky, Kim, and Paternoster (2005) examined a national sample of youth to see if being arrested affected perceptions of the certainty of punishment. Which of the following statements about their findings is true?

A) if youth or their peers engaged in offending then the youths' perceptions of certainty of punishment significantly increased
B) the evidence was inconclusive
C) only convictions had an effect on perceptions of the certainty of punishment
D) arrests had little effect on perceptions of the certainty of punishment