Research by Messina and Grella (2006) found that female offenders were more likely to have childhood traumatic events, and that problems in which of the following areas were exponentially higher among women with multiple adverse childhood events?

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Messina and Grella's research indicated that female offenders with multiple adverse childhood events had exponentially higher problems in all of these areas: health and mental health, substance abuse, and criminal behavior. This comprehensive impact highlights the profound effect of early trauma on various aspects of life.

Research by Messina and Grella (2006) Found That Female Offenders