Cellular ADP concentration exerts the greatest effect on the rate-limiting enzymes that control the energy metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.

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ADP concentration is a key regulator of cellular energy metabolism, as it is a direct indicator of the cell's energy status. High levels of ADP signal a low energy state, activating enzymes involved in the catabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins to produce ATP, thus exerting a significant effect on the rate-limiting steps of these metabolic pathways.

Cellular ADP Concentration Exerts the Greatest Effect on the Rate-Limiting