Why Does Kazdin (2008) Think That Many Parents Argue So

Why does Kazdin (2008) think that many parents argue so strongly for the effectiveness of spanking-even though the research shows that punishment is relatively ineffective in changing children's behavior for the better?

A) Parents are experiencing a positive reinforcement for their spanking.
B) Spanking is highly effective-and the research is simply incorrect.
C) When children immediately stop misbehaving, albeit briefly, the parents receive a strong dose of negative reinforcement.
D) Parents are generally naive and tend to naturally make many inaccurate conclusions about their parenting.
E) Parents are unable to stop spanking because they have unfinished business related to having been spanked themselves as children.