In salt marshes, black needlerush shades the soil, and decreases evapotranspiration and soil salinity, permitting marsh elder plants to grow. This is an example of

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Facilitation occurs when one species alters the environment in a way that benefits another species. In this case, black needlerush decreases soil salinity and evapotranspiration, which allows marsh elder plants to grow, exemplifying facilitation.

In Salt Marshes, Black Needlerush Shades the Soil, and Decreases