One Obstacle to the Adoption of the Export Promotion Model

One obstacle to the adoption of the export promotion model by countries in other regions is that

A) the Uruguay Round of the GATT forbids many types of export promotion policies.
B) the Washington Consensus opposes the spread of this model.
C) research and development for new exports is too expensive.
D) only noncommercial R&D is permitted under the rules of the GATT.
E) industrial monopolies in the high-income countries will block further exports by developing countries.