Achieving Economic Efficiency in the Market for Hospital Emergency Room

Achieving economic efficiency in the market for hospital emergency room services differs from the perfectly competitive model because:

A) making dynamic technological advances means that some current efficiency must be sacrificed.
B) management of personnel and technological inputs must be made in the face of certainty about medical outcomes.
C) issues of access to services only matter in the perfectly competitive model.
D) demand for emergency room care is highly elastic.
E) cost minimization efforts might conflict with broader societal goals of compassion and palliative care in the emergency room.