In the Context of Informal Fallacies, a Circumstantial Fallacy Occurs

In the context of informal fallacies, a circumstantial fallacy occurs when:

A) someone applies a rule that is generally accepted as valid to a particular case where exceptional or accidental circumstances render the rule inappropriate.
B) someone appeals to an authority in a field other than the one under debate.
C) people argue that their opponents should accept a certain position because of special circumstances, such as lifestyle or religion.
D) one person chooses to attack the character of his or her opponent rather than addressing the argument.