In using cross-sectional studies, one must always be aware that the differences in scores made by the participants may be due not to age but to the participants having lived through a certain historical time in a certain culture. This confounding effect is known as the:

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The cohort effect refers to the influence that being part of a group of people born around the same time, who have experienced particular social and historical events at a similar stage in their lives, can have on the outcomes of cross-sectional studies. This effect can confound results by attributing differences to age when they may actually be due to these shared experiences.

In Using Cross-Sectional Studies, One Must Always Be Aware That