The biological changes that take place during the alarm stage involve which two pathways?

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The alarm stage, part of the body's response to stress (as described in the General Adaptation Syndrome by Hans Selye), involves the activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the neuroendocrine-immune pathway. The sympathetic pathway triggers the "fight or flight" response, increasing heart rate and blood pressure, among other effects. The neuroendocrine-immune pathway involves the release of stress hormones like cortisol, which helps the body to manage stress by mobilizing energy reserves and suppressing non-essential functions.

The Biological Changes That Take Place During the Alarm Stage