Identify the following as Lewis acids or bases and rank from hardest to softest: Al³⁺, Tl³⁺, Tl⁺.

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Lewis acids are species that accept electron pairs. The given species are cations, which are electron pair acceptors, making them Lewis acids. The hardness of a Lewis acid is determined by its charge density. Al^3+ has the highest charge density due to its small size and high charge, making it the hardest. Tl^3+ is softer due to its larger size and the same charge as Al^3+. Tl^+ is the softest because it has a lower charge and a larger size compared to Al^3+.

Identify the Following as Lewis Acids or Bases and Rank