What Caused the Cuisine of the Middle East to Change

What caused the cuisine of the Middle East to change beginning in the 14^th century and continuing to the 20^th century?

A) A series of damaging droughts and great floods that made it difficult to farm or raise livestock
B) War between all the nations kept any single identity from forming.
C) Discovery of a water route to India by Portugal at the beginning of the 14^th century, whch caused the Middle Eastern spice route to disappear forever
D) Rise of the Ottoman Empire, which originated in Turkey and encompassed much of Western Europe, the Middle East and North Africa