The third social model explaining the emergence of TOC groups is the cultural model; it is based on opportunity and patron-client relationships.

Question

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The cultural model explaining the emergence of Transnational Organized Crime (TOC) groups is based on the idea that these groups emerge from specific cultural and ethnic identities, not primarily from opportunity and patron-client relationships. Those aspects are more closely associated with the enterprise model and the political-social model.

The Third Social Model Explaining the Emergence of TOC Groups