Studies of Early Institutionalization and Social Deprivation Have Found That

Studies of early institutionalization and social deprivation have found that

A) Abuse or neglect that occurs before the age of 18 months causes no lasting physical or emotional harm.
B) Many adoptees from orphanages show indiscriminate friendliness - behavior that is adaptive in institutional settings but creates parenting stress in adoptive family settings.
C) Modifications to institutional settings, such as reducing the child-caregiver ratio, do little to diminish the harmful effects of group living in an orphanage.
D) Most previously institutionalized children fail to develop normal attachment relationships in their adoptive families.