Which of the following cardiac malformations requires the presence of a secondary defect to be compatible with life?

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Tricuspid atresia is a condition where the tricuspid valve is completely absent or non-functional. This requires the presence of a secondary defect (such as a patent foramen ovale or atrial septal defect) to allow for blood flow between the atria and access to the systemic circulation. Without this secondary defect, tricuspid atresia is not compatible with life. Interatrial septal defect, interventricular septal defect, and patent ductus arteriosus are all compatible with life without the presence of a secondary defect.

Which of the Following Cardiac Malformations Requires the Presence of a Secondary