According to Foster, naturalistic etiologies have multiple levels of causality while personalistic etiologies are limited to one level of causality.

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Foster's theory suggests that naturalistic etiologies attribute illness to impersonal, systemic factors that can operate at multiple levels (e.g., biological, environmental), while personalistic etiologies attribute illness to agents, such as spirits or witches, which can also operate at multiple levels of causality, including social and spiritual realms.

According to Foster, Naturalistic Etiologies Have Multiple Levels of Causality