The Formation of Alliances, Especially Joint Ventures, Has Been Stimulated

The formation of alliances, especially joint ventures, has been stimulated by all of the following needs and desires except __________.

A) the need to share and lower the costs of high-risk, technologically intensive development projects, such as computer-based information systems
B) the desire to maximize costs by sharing the large fixed-cost investments for manufacturing plants in some locations and in industries such as autos and steel.
C) the desire to learn another firm's technology and special processes or to gain access to customers and distribution channels
D) the desire to participate in the evolution of competitive activity in growing global industries