Research by economists Martin Hackmann, Amanda Kowalski, and Jonathan Kolstad indicates that the individual mandate provision of the Massachusetts health care program was responsible for a(n) ________ in premiums and the mandate helped to ________ premium increases in subsequent years.

Question

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The individual mandate provision of the Massachusetts health care program led to a decrease in premiums initially and helped to hold down premium increases in subsequent years, demonstrating the mandate's effectiveness in controlling costs.

Research by Economists Martin Hackmann, Amanda Kowalski, and Jonathan Kolstad