According to Paivio, which of the following would be the most difficult to remember?

Question

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According to Paivio's Dual Coding Theory, abstract concepts (like "freedom") are more difficult to remember because they are less likely to be dual-coded (i.e., represented both verbally and non-verbally) compared to concrete concepts (like "baseball," "Canadian flag," and "Northern lights"), which can be easily represented in both verbal and imagery systems.

According to Paivio, Which of the Following Would Be the Most