The Fact That Voters Perceive Their Votes as Unlikely to Actually

The fact that voters perceive their votes as unlikely to actually change the outcome of an election causes

A) voters to have little incentive to become informed about candidates and political issues.
B) voters to spend a great deal of effort becoming informed about candidates and political issues.
C) the percent of people who actually turn out to cast a vote on election day to be very high.
D) people to be extremely reluctant to "waste" their votes on a third-party candidate.