Max Weber wrote a lot about instrumental (strategic, means-end) rationality. He saw this type of rationality as the dominant type of social action and of authority in modern society, and he predicted that it would overshadow the relevance of values and non-rational sources of behavior/authority. From your reading of current newspapers [or from an article you have selected] (a) identify one specific example of the way in which an instrumental (or strategic/cost-benefit) rationality dominates our contemporary society; and (b) identify one specific example of the persistence of either value rationality or of tradition as a source of meaning or importance in contemporary society. Discuss the relevance of Weber's analysis of social action to the examples you have chosen, and assess the extent to which Weber's analysis of contemporary society (as indicated by your examples) might differ from, or overlap with, any one concept from Marx and any one concept from Durkheim.

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The Answer is One specific example of instrumental rationality dominating contemporary society can be seen in the rise of data-driven decision making in business and government. Companies and organizations are increasingly using data and analytics to make strategic decisions, optimize processes, and maximize efficiency. This approach prioritizes the calculation of costs and benefits, and the pursuit of specific goals, over traditional or value-based considerations.

On the other hand, the persistence of value rationality can be observed in the continued importance of religious beliefs and practices in contemporary society. Despite the dominance of instrumental rationality in many aspects of life, religious values and traditions continue to hold significance for many individuals and communities, shaping their beliefs, behaviors, and social interactions.

Weber's analysis of social action is relevant to these examples as he emphasized the role of instrumental rationality in shaping modern society. His concept of the "iron cage" of rationalization captures the idea that instrumental rationality can lead to the disenchantment of the world, as traditional and value-based sources of meaning are overshadowed by calculative and strategic considerations.

In comparison, Marx's concept of alienation can be seen as overlapping with Weber's analysis, as both highlight the potential negative consequences of the dominance of instrumental rationality, such as the loss of human connection and meaning. Durkheim's concept of anomie, on the other hand, may differ in focus, as it emphasizes the breakdown of social norms and values, which can occur in a society dominated by instrumental rationality. However, both Durkheim and Weber share an interest in the impact of modernization on social cohesion and individual well-being.

Max Weber Wrote a Lot About Instrumental (Strategic, Means-End) Rationality