All of the Following Are Ways to Explain the Presence

All of the following are ways to explain the presence of the informal economy except:

A) As an alternative economy that works to destroy and bring down the formal economy.
B) As a dual economy in which the informal and formal economies complement each other.
C) A situation in which labor in the informal economy supports and strengthens the formal economy.
D) As a way of subsidizing the formal economy with unpaid labor, such as that of housewives in their homes.