Most of the Bill of Rights' guarantees of certain fundamental rights and the protection of these rights from intrusive government action have been applicable to federal, state and local government action ________.

Question

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The Bill of Rights initially applied only to the federal government. It wasn't until the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868 and subsequent Supreme Court interpretations applying its Due Process Clause to the states through the incorporation doctrine that most of the Bill of Rights' protections were extended to state and local governments.

Most of the Bill of Rights' Guarantees of Certain Fundamental